Annotated Bibliography& Academic Criticism Research Paper

Annotated Bibliography& Academic Criticism - Research Paper Example Such well-constructed annotations make all the difference when they are attached to a scholarly research paper. The skills required for such concise exposition has to be developed in a measured manner. A well-chosen annotated bibliography can raise the value of the research work and inform the reader of its reliability at the same time. Developing annotated biography demands greater intellectual and analytical skills. In order to achieve such skills of the higher order, greater efforts are needed and working on annotated bibliography equip the researcher with such finer skills besides familiarising them with formatting and other such aspects of creating annotated bibliography. In brief, the paper aims at developing the appropriate skills required to construct annotated bibliography which is well-directed, without compromising the refinement that it demands. Introduction The feedback received from peers and tutor can be summarised as below. The format of an annotated bibliography is s ignificant and its concise style holds the key. It has to be pithy and condensed. A forceful and uninterrupted progression of the thought stripped of all the details is an essential ingredient. Furthermore, a lucid style can retain the interest of the reader and convey the message or theme straightaway. It is worthwhile to keep in mind that the reader has greater importance than anybody else and therefore a narrative style that focuses on the theme and interest the reader has to be maintained throughout. Next up, the annotation must present the central argument vividly and convincingly. Listing the content is not the task on hand; the central recurring theme and the authority of the author are to be established beyond any doubt. It is always good to appraise and analyse the source content critically and evaluate its merit commenting on the author’s approach and way of presentation. In short, annotations are critical, concise and evaluative. Ebegbulem, J. C.(11June 2012).Corru ption and leadership crisis in Africa: Nigeria in focus. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3 (11): 221-227. The paper by Ebogbulem throws light on the rampant corruption and inept leadership that plague post-independent Africa especially Nigeria. A country rich in natural resources bear the brunt of illiteracy, unemployment, malnutrition and poverty. Ebegbulem (2012) discuses in detail the factors that have contributed to the present crisis in Nigeria, that has brought democracy and economic growth to a standstill. Economic mismanagement and fraudulent misappropriation by people in power has spelled economic disaster, causing abject poverty for the people. The author further argues that the leadership crisis has been triggered by corruption. The paper categorically states that the leadership, both democratic and military, has ever inflicted untold miseries on the Nigerians, robbing public wealth. Ebegbulem goes on to examine how the democratic stability and econo mic growth are affected when corruption and its resultant bad governance strikes. Ebegbulem concludes that a strong leadership committed to the welfare of the people alone can reverse the trend. In the context of Nigeria the author drives home the point that corruption and bad governance destabilising the democracy and economy are entwined. The paper brings into limelight the stark realities haunting Nigeria. The narrative style is straightforward and objective. Obo,U. B &Obo E. B. (7 July 2013). Public Policies and the Crisis of Underdevelopment in Nigeria: A Critical

Culture and globalisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Culture and globalisation - Essay Example Benjamin Barber is one of the proponents of the idea that the notion of globalization is destructive for it threatens morals and religious values of people, the distinctiveness of cultures and can turn the world into one big market. There are four main points in Barbers argumentation. First of all, he presents the notion of â€Å"theme parking† which is â€Å"a kind of diversity but it is the diversity of a theme park† (â€Å"Globalization and Culture† 9). By this, he means that even though there is a diversity, it is simulated, artificial, and, in fact, is far from authenticity. Secondly, Barber argues that globalization is homogenization and standardization of culture that affects peoples cultural and aesthetic values, such as eating fast food instead of spending time with family at a dinner table. Also, the opponent of globalization states that more powerful markets, such as the American one, tend to master and destroy the weaker markets and, consequently, inf luence other cultures. Finally, Barber says that globalization is a threat not only to aesthetic but to religious and moral values of people, especially of the representatives of cultures that differ a lot from â€Å"McWorld†, such as Islamic, Hindu, and Judaic cultures, and that to some extent this threat gives rise to terrorism. Tyler Cowan, in his turn, believes that globalization is the positive trend in the development of the modern society and the entire world. He agues that â€Å"markets support diversity and freedom of choice, and trade gives a greater opportunity for artists to express their creative inspiration (â€Å"Glibalization and Culture† 8). In addition to this, Cowan claims that globalization does tend to increase difference between cultures, and at the same time it frees difference from geographical location. Tyler Cowan also refutes four arguments presented by Benjamin

School Shootings and Focus Group Research Paper

School Shootings and Focus Group - Research Paper Example A scrutiny of the circumstances adjacent to the matter is then conducted to get the big picture: evaluating the condition while paying attention to risk or perceived risk, technical intricacy, jurisdiction, character of the conflict, intensity of the conflict, region extent and interests, geographic precincts, pecuniary allusions, media concerns, and the current public consultations. Problem definition: authentication or adjustment of the fundamental nature, progressive precision of the preliminary definition. There is an important need to comprehend and to take account of various viewpoints of all stakeholders in order to express their concerns. The principle of â€Å"it is better to be roughly correct than precisely incorrect† dominates this phase so as to determine overall priority for this problem. In the last 20 years, public policy elites and professors have been faced up to an option to adopt the customary positivist approach which is based on ratio ­nality, impartiality, and money matters e.g. Weimer and Vining (2004), or a post-positivist approach based on politics, partisanship, and egalitarianism e.g. Ander ­son (2006). In their book Public Policy Praxis: A Case Approach for Understanding Policy and Analysis Clemons & McBeth (2009), adopted a mixed approach, based on the improvement and training of cases. My argument is that; while the attitudes of the post-positivist of the facilitators are informative, have noticed the most imperative deficit in the growth of the policy sciences, and have put into account that ways to triumph over the market prejudice of the behavioral forms that remain greatly uninvestigated in the policy sciences, there has been little information on handle the conflicts posed by the two viewpoints which in some point contradict each other. Surveys presuppose that individuals be acquainted a well laid out knowledge of how they feel an assumption that

Direct Flower Delivery. Analysis Of The Website Assignment

Direct Flower Delivery. Analysis Of The Website - Assignment Example This Web site report details both front and back end capabilities. In inclusion with technical details, this report also consists of the customer interaction specifications. DFD, Direct Flower Delivery is a web based Florist to cater the growing Flower needs of people of United Kingdom. There are a large number of companies in UK delivering flowers to their customer’s home. People often send flowers, whether it is a birthday, wedding and some other special occasions. Many places such as restaurants, hotels, offices and many houses use flower to decorate the place. Not only flowers are used for specific occasions, there are many people changing their flowers at home once a week. To simplify the ordering procedure of these needs, DFD has evolved and is committed to serve the best to its customers. Currently, DFD is serving its customers with its web site. DFD offers wide range of choices to its customers. Through its site, DFD offers whole lot of features to its customer such as the freedom of ordering flowers online, Secured payment transactions, Track the delivery of ordered items and also a reminder service with important dates. The highlight of this web based company is that the customers have the advantage of designing their own style, pattern and of course flowers that are be delivered, apart from selecting from the pre-defined templates. 2. Website Objectives The objectives of this web-based florist are to offer features that will permit and promote the following: Ordering flowers with just a click of a mouse. Easy browsing and searching for various regular & seasonal flowers. Web tools which enable secured online payments. Easier accessing of information and help generally. Web tools to foster community relationship and cater their needs. In Simple, to make it easy and offer choices for their customers 3. Description of Target Audience The customers will be anyone in UK who looking for flowers to be sent to someone or themselves, whether for special occasions or to decorate their houses. The company will have a web site which design to make shopping for flowers on the internet quicker and easier. If such availability exists, the company will deliver flowers to the address on the date which has been requested by customers to be sent to. Customers can individually create their own design in flowers over the website and the flower which they create will be send to the address that they request. Customer will be able to track down their deliveries. The company will provide the information on the process of delivery for each individual customer, in order for customers to be able to track down their deliveries. 4. Business Constraints 4.1 Negative Constraints: 4.1.1 As it's a Web-based company, the competition is severe and to handle this aspect the web site and the company has to be on toes 24hours. 4.1.2 It's very hard to predict the volume of business the next day. The customer may be literally from anywhere on this world. If it's Florist on the

School Shootings and Focus Group Research Paper

School Shootings and Focus Group - Research Paper Example A scrutiny of the circumstances adjacent to the matter is then conducted to get the big picture: evaluating the condition while paying attention to risk or perceived risk, technical intricacy, jurisdiction, character of the conflict, intensity of the conflict, region extent and interests, geographic precincts, pecuniary allusions, media concerns, and the current public consultations. Problem definition: authentication or adjustment of the fundamental nature, progressive precision of the preliminary definition. There is an important need to comprehend and to take account of various viewpoints of all stakeholders in order to express their concerns. The principle of â€Å"it is better to be roughly correct than precisely incorrect† dominates this phase so as to determine overall priority for this problem. In the last 20 years, public policy elites and professors have been faced up to an option to adopt the customary positivist approach which is based on ratio ­nality, impartiality, and money matters e.g. Weimer and Vining (2004), or a post-positivist approach based on politics, partisanship, and egalitarianism e.g. Ander ­son (2006). In their book Public Policy Praxis: A Case Approach for Understanding Policy and Analysis Clemons & McBeth (2009), adopted a mixed approach, based on the improvement and training of cases. My argument is that; while the attitudes of the post-positivist of the facilitators are informative, have noticed the most imperative deficit in the growth of the policy sciences, and have put into account that ways to triumph over the market prejudice of the behavioral forms that remain greatly uninvestigated in the policy sciences, there has been little information on handle the conflicts posed by the two viewpoints which in some point contradict each other. Surveys presuppose that individuals be acquainted a well laid out knowledge of how they feel an assumption that

Ownership and Control as Important Aspect of the Media Essay Example for Free

Ownership and Control as Important Aspect of the Media Essay Discuss two contrasting theories and relevant studies to explain the extent to which ownership and control is an important aspect of the media. The term mass media is essentially information which is targeted at a large audience. The Mass media is a global industry which has played a major role in shaping society over the 20th century. As technology has developed and created the opportunity to communicate with huge numbers of people, the mass media has developed and with it the media’s impact on society. Over the last fifty years the media has changed its shape yet again to fit in with our increasingly technological society; various forms of new media have appeared: smartphones, laptops, internet and ipods. The general aim of these new mediums is to allow greater flexibility to the user and access media while mobile, also they are not physical forms of media but electronic, which has its own advantages and disadvantages. There have also been major changes in ownership and control of the media; it has become both increasingly concentrated and transnational. An example would be the controversial Mr. Murdoch. His News International group owns over one third of newspapers in Britain, Two other companies, Mirror Group Newspapers and United Newspapers own another 40 per cent between them. This clearly shows that the bulk of the power is held by only a few individuals, this creates very serious political and economical implications. Murdoch’s paper has been partially responsible for getting each government elected over the past fifty years; every party he has supported over the years has won. Two main sociological theories are used to explain ownership and control of the mass media: Pluralist theory and Marxist theory. Each have there own interpretations of the issues and subsequent strengths and weaknesses which I shall now discuss. Pluralist theory is all about power in society. They believe that no one group or elite dominates society. It is essentially a functionalist view. Instead Pluralists believe that there is a range of interest groups who share power. Pluralists argue that the mass media reflect such a range of interests. They argue that the mass media simply reflect what we, the public, want. If it is biased it is because that is the view people want to hear, it simply reflects the publics opinion rather than trying to make people think a particular way. For example the British press is generally conservative; Pluralists argue this is because British society is generally conservative. Pluralists would also say that the mass media provides a wide and diverse choice for the consumer. Therefore there is no single dominant ideology but a genuine choice for the consumer. Minority views are expressed just the same as the dominant views. Because of this Pluralists argue that the mass media has little or no influence on the views of the masses. At most it simply reinforces what people already believe. Pluralism recognizes the ability of the individuals to make up there own mind about key issues. For example, in the general elections of 1997 and 2001 viweing figures dropped sharply during the campaign, suggesting most people had decided who to support before the campaign even started. Furthermore in the 1992 elections the swing to the conservatives was just as great from the neutral Independent as is was from those who read pro-conservative tabloids. Even readers of The Sun, which was strongly against a conservative government, indicated in election polls that they had voted conservative. The Pluralist perspective is criticized for ignoring clear evidence of bias, mainly political bias and the influence it can have on society. For example, the political party supported by Rupert Murdoch’s papers has won every election since 1979. When he decided to switch from Labour to Conservative in 1997, there was a 15 per cent swing to Labour amongst readers of The Sun. This clear evidence of bias due to the views of a single man is ignored by the Pluralist perspective. The impact of the mass media is obviously key to election campaigns and has a massive impact on society as a whole. Arguably Rupert Murdoch alone has been responsible, in part, for getting each government elected since 1979. This clearly is very undemocratic and bad for the country. The Marxist conflict theory views the mass media as a means of not only influencing people, but also controlling them. It is used as a tool by the ruling class to maintain control and power through transmitting a conformist conservative view of the world. Sociologist have created two general views within Marxism, Manipulative Marxism – which places emphasis on the mass media as a form of economic capitalism and Hegemonic Marxism – which emphasises the mass media as a means whereby the ruling class project a culture which reflects their own norms and values, to the exclusion of all others. The concentration of ownership increases such control. Marxists also argue that the ruling class use the media as a filter through which information is passed to the mass of the population. In emphasizing the acceptance of the status quo, the media resists change and therefore works against the interests of the working class. The media therefore will project capitalism positively, creating a false class consciousness to the proletariat to prevent them realizing their exploitation and thus overthrow capitalism. Because of the established media moguls such as Rupert Murdoch it is difficult for small firms and individuals to gain much credit and fame. The Marxist perspective is seen as strong in analyzing the mass media from a conflict perspective. In doing so it helps to explain the mass media as a source of inequality within capitalist society. It also helps to explain the perceived bias within the media. For Marxists this is particularly important in a political and economical context. Marxism identifies and analyses political bias within the media, for example the consumerism culture that the newspapers promote. However, the Marxist theory is criticized for underestimating the ability of individuals to absorb information and make up there own minds about what they agree with or disagree with. Critics argue that people are not like robots who passively accept what they are told, rather they critically judge a variety of issues and make up there own mind using what they have been told and their own individual experience with the issue. James Curran, in Mass Media and Democracy: A reppraisal (1991), argues that the growth of commercial radio and television re-affirms the view that there is a widespread choice with a core public sector combined with an expanding private sector. Thus, the impact of ownership and control is negligible given the real and diverse choice that exists. Currans study supports the Pluralist perspective. Studies such as Curran’s are strong in recognizing the changing nature of British industry and how it applies to the mass media. Such conclusions are supported by the reality of the mass media that, despite a concentration of ownership, is run by a diverse range of individuals from different social backgrounds, through joint stock companies. However, this tends to ignore the fact that the largest proportion of shares in any public liability company is owned by either wealthy individuals or large institutional shareholders. From a Marxist perspective the ruling class is seen as an agent of ideological control in modern society, used by the ruling class to establish and impose its values on the working class. This is a view taking by Miliband in The State in Capitalist Society (1973). Miliband argues that the mass media is an agent of capitalist control, rejecting the pluralist theory that there is genuine choice.

Global Financial Crisis: Aviation Industry Impact

Global Financial Crisis: Aviation Industry Impact Abstract The basic aim behind to conduct a research analysis on the affects of the global financial crisis with specific to the aviation industry. The research will help to actually analyze the after affects of the financial crisis. As we all know that aviation is one of the most important pillars of the global economy of the world. And also this sector provides millions of jobs globally and contributed heavily in the global GDP. This sector is also the most important and the most efficient mode of transportation. It provides the transportation services all over the world. So as the global financial crisis which was born due to the failure of the major financial institutions caused the drastic impacts on the world economy. And as the aviation is the important part it also got affected heavily by the crisis. Due to which this aviation sector which is one the fastest growing industry has to face negative growth rate. Also the aviation sector has to face huge losses. Some aviation companies was able to bare such huge losses but there is a big number of those aviation companies who do have capacity to bare such huge losses so they go bankrupt after the global financial crisis. CHAPTER 1: Introduction Introduction 1.1 Overview The global financial crisis was triggered in 2007 8 mainly in developed countries like United States of America. After that the crisis entered in the European countries and after a few days the crisis just take the whole of the world under its impact. Almost all of the countries in the world got affected by this financial crisis directly or indirectly. This financial crisis was born due to the failure of the major financial institution of these developed countries. These financial institutions include banks like Lehman Brothers, Bear Steams and etc. These main financial institutions of the United States are the main reason behind the financial crisis. Te global financial crisis caused impacts on almost each and every industry of the world. The key businesses which were showing good positions and were experiencing good growth experienced negative growth because of the financial crisis. Also the consumer wealth faces the billions of dollars loss due to the financial crisis. That is wh y this global Financial Crisis is thought to be the worst financial crisis after the great Depression of twentieth century. The main reason behind the failure of the financial institutions was the artificial bubble of the housing sector of U.S.A. This artificial bubble got height in 2006 and suddenly it burst in year 2007 8 and caused the values of the securities which were tied to the Americas real estate to massive decline. This caused the miss balance in the financial institutions of U.S.A as around 50% of their advances were given on the housing sector. As the value of the real estate falls and so do the financial institutions. And as result of which these financial institutions has bare losses of around $2.3 trillion. This is also the main reason that the most strongest financial institutions go bankrupt after baring such huge losses. As aviation is one of the most important pillars of the global economy of the world. And also this sector provides millions of jobs globally and contributed heavily in the global GDP. This sector is also the most important and the most efficient mode of transportation. It provides the transportation services all over the world. So as the global financial crisis which was born due to the failure of the major financial institutions caused the drastic impacts on the world economy. And as the aviation is the important part it also got affected heavily by the crisis. Due to which this aviation sector which is one the fastest growing industry has to face negative growth rate. . Also the aviation sector has to face huge losses. Some aviation companies was able to bare such huge losses but there is a big number of those aviation companies who do have capacity to bare such huge losses so they go bankrupt after the global financial crisis. 1.2 Background Information The global financial crisis hit the world economy in 2008 and left drastic affects on the world economy, especially the growing industries. The crisis arose first in U.S.A and Europe due to the failures of the main financial institutions. This failure of some financial institutions, lead to the biggest financial crisis after the great depression. The main reason behind the failure of the financial institutions was the artificial bubble of the housing sector of U.S.A. This artificial bubble got height in 2006 and suddenly it burst in year 2007 8 and caused the values of the securities which were tied to the Americas real estate to massive decline. This caused the miss balance in the financial institutions of U.S.A as around 50% of their advances were given on the housing sector. As the value of the real estate falls and so do the financial institutions. And as result of which these financial institutions has bare losses of around $2.3 trillion. This is also the main reason that the m ost strongest financial institutions go bankrupt after baring such huge losses. Impact on Aviation sector As the global economy was disturbed due to this financial crisis of 2008 so Aviation being as one of the main pillars of global economy, it also got affected. As aviation is the main source of transportation throughout the world. The crisis had deeply struck this growing industry. Due to global financial crisis the aviation industry had experienced the negative growth. The impact of the crisis was so huge that a big number of airline companies go bankrupt and those who survived still had to face huge losses. Importance With Respect To The World The global financial crisis is of great importance to the global economy as it has caused drastic impacts on the global economy. Most of the economies of the developed nations are heavily affected by the crisis. It causes the negative impact on almost all of the global businesses. The global financial crisis, brewing for a while, really started to show its effects in the middle of 2007 and into 2008. Around the world stock markets have fallen, large financial institutions have collapsed or been bought out, and governments in even the wealthiest nations have had to come up with rescue packages to bail out their financial system The aviation throughout the world faces the losses in their revenue because of the increasing oil prices and the global financial crisis. Many of the small airlines as well as some big airlines companies go bankrupt. Importance With Respect To Pakistan The Pakistani economy is not as badly affected as that of other countries by the global recession of 2007-2008. The global financial crisis that hit the world very severely has not left many impacts on the economy of Pakistan. Just as the economy has remained safe from getting adverse impacts, the Pakistan International Airline has not been affected that badly either. However, the year 2008 failed to bring any crucial improvements in the overall and financial performance of Pakistan International Airlines. The conundrums, the issues and the problems of the previous years remained and hindered the progress. These similar problems led to further loss and at the end, the company had to bear a higher net loss than the previous year. A short study of the year 2007 shows that during that year, the company went through several unpleasant experiences. It had to face a number of financial, marketing and operational problems. Operating restrictions which were imposed by the European Union duri ng the first few months of the year, led to great disruption in the Pakistan International Airlines schedules and also caused great curtailment in the capacity. During all this, the Pakistan International Airline lost market share. This made the conditions even more difficult for the Pakistan International Airlines. The tremendous increase in the oil prices, which had never been seen before, put adverse effects on the PIAs bottom line. PIA was left with no other choice but to bear the load and burden of paying for the expensive fuel. Moreover, the increase in the salaries if certain categories of personnel and depreciation of the rupee towards the end of the year, both aggravated the situation. 1.4 Research Question There are many reasons that I have chosen this topic of Impact assessment of global financial crisi on the aviation industry. First of all since child the air planes really used to fascinate. It was my dream to become a pilot but I couldnt make to that. But I want to join aviation sector after my studies as I am trying to get admission in Emirates School of Aviation to do MBA in aviation management. That is why I have chosen this specific topic to do research. I think that I have find and learn a lot of new things, facts and figures about aviation industry. So I really want to know about the ups and down in aviation sector. The scope of the research is basically to focus on how the global financial crisis has cause impacts on aviation industry or how GFC has affected the aviation sector specifically. And also to analyze different factors involve in affecting this fastest growing sector of the world. Bay basic Research Question is How the global financial crisis has cause impact on AVIATION INDUSTRY. CHAPTER 2: Literature Review Literature Review The literature review will focus on the issues and the reasons that how the Global financial Crisis has affected the Aviation Industry as a whole, it will mainly be focusing on the different factors involved that affect the aviation. 1 Peter Morrell in his articles Can long haul low cost Airlines be successful talks about low cost airlines. Author says an important task is to determine if LCC business model which is largely short haul can work over long haul sectors or not. This paper examines the advantages of LCCs including the cost and it also appraises how far they can be applied to long haul sectors. The author says that it is seen that the cost advantages might be much lower than approximately 50-60% on short hauls. He also says that the factors such as the implementation and acceptance of some LCC features by network airlines and their anticipated response, the limited potential for market stimulation, the need for dense markets and feed traffic all cast doubt on the prevailing establishment of the business model for long-haul fights. 2 Jacob Denaro in his article Aviation says that due to the worlds energy crisis, there has been as increase in the cost of fuel which has affected U.S. international air carriers adversely. According to the author, the cost of fuel on international air routes increased up to three times than that of domestic jet fuel because it was not under the influence of federal price controls. This aroused the need for subsidies to cover these high fuel bills since Nov,1973. The airlines position was approved by the Chairman of the Civil Aeronautics Board. While the issue stayed unsettled, Pan Am asked the Board for the right to arbitrate the consolidation of trans-Atlantic services on the basis that the rapidly increasing fuel prices had plunged it into a financial crisis. Pan Am also asked for the permission to discuss with TWA the possible consolidation of operations, coordinated services and sharing of revenues on trans-Atlantic routes. TWA approved of his position before the Board and filed a petition of its own. The Justice Department stated that the proposition would decrease competition and would prove to be detrimental to the public. The Departments Anti-Trust Division mentioned that pooling would not make the financial impact of the fuel situation any less acute, international air travelers are provided better sevice because of the system of competition which is there, and that the pooling arrangements decrease the incentives to provide both economical and efficient services. These and some other reasons were behind the opposition to the airlines request. 3 Dr. Geraint Harvey Professor Turnbull in their report The Impact of the Financial Crisis on Labor of the Civil Aviation Industry say that civil Aviation is an important and indispensable part of the world economy. It affects activities from every sphere of life and provides employment to a great number of people. This industry provides 31.9 million jobs all around the world. At first, the industry suffered greatly at the hands of the attacks of Sept11,2001 and is now adversely affected because of the global financial crisis. The financial crisis hit the employment in the airline industry as many people have lost their jobs. Managerial authorities believe that it may take years to restore the industry to its normal condition. The study discusses the ways in which the job losses have been taken care of or dealt with. 4 Novie John Prof. Peter Jones in their article The Impact of Economic Downturn in the Flight Catering Industry say that the number of air passengers has greatly decreased which has led to different flights being cancelled. Customers have turned to more economical and cheaper alternatives. So, different companies are compelled to lessen the fares while providing the same standard services. Buying approach has changed. People now try to find cheaper alternatives and solutions. Some people say that all the sectors are equally affected by the present recession. The number of the business class passengers has reduced which has left a great impact on the scheduled airlines. Effects are felt differently of the current recession in the different parts of the world. American economy and the European economy have suffered the most in the recent crisis. Many people believe that the impact of the crisis will only remain for a short time whereas some believe that it may take as long as 5 years. 5 Markus Franke and Florian John in their article What Comes Next After Recession? Airline Industry Scenarios and Potential End Games say that the economic crisis of 2008 has proved to be more severe than that of 2001/2003. Airlines tried their best to minimize their operating costs and operating expenses but still they failed to bypass the effects of the global recession. Also, the process of recovery in profits has been very slow in various airlines. Although a decrease in demand was expected, the crisis caused many other effects that were not expected by any of the experts. During the recession of 2008, the fuel prices rose dramatically which reduced the profits extensively. This recession led to a huge decline in the demand for air travel. Most airlines around the world reacted immediately in 2008 as they reduced their capacity in the short run. And also many of the small airlines have to close down their operations and also go bankrupt as well. 6 Muhammad Usman in his article Global Financial Crisis: Its Impact On Developing Countries And Lessons For Pakistan says that the recession of 2008 was the worst financial crisis ever experienced after the Great Depression of 1930s. This financial crisis arose due to the failure of the major financial institutions of the United States of America including the leading banks like Lehman Brothers. The impact of this financial crisis also caused drastic impacts on the European economy resulting in the downward trends in the stock exchange and also a significant impact on the value of different subprime mortgages at the same time. The recent financial crisis also caused negative impacts on the world economy as a whole. Almost each and every aspect of the global economy got affected by the financial crisis. Economy of Pakistan being part of the global economy also got affected by the global financial crisis. But as Pakistani economy is already facing so many problems do get that much affect ed by the financial crisis. 7 A Google Book Aviation Industry Performance says that the aviation industry had to face many challenges during the year 2008. Many passengers even changed their preferences and demands which worsened the condition. Operating costs also increased due to increase in the fuel prices. Both , the increase in oil prices and the recession led to service terminations and many bankruptcies. After the recession of 2008, different companies took steps to cope with the situation. They achieved the target of improving the economic conditions by cutting costs and increasing the fares. The number of domestic scheduled flights was reduced. The airlines that used small air crafts were forced to eradicate them or minimize their number. Soon, reduction in the number of scheduled flights was seen and the companies reduced the fares to increase the demand until new capacity cuts were introduced. (Elizabeth Tinoco director ILO Sectoral Activities Department) Aviation industry supports 31.9 million jobs globally. Markus Frank and Florian John (2010). Before financial crisis Aviation industry had an annual growth rate of 7 % to 9%. Markus Frank and Florian John (2010). In Oil Crisis of 1979-80 and Asian Financial Crisis the Aviation industry grew at least 2% annually. Markus Frank and Florian John (2010). Only three times the Aviation industry have seen the negative growth. Neil Dias Karunaratne (2009) Global financial Crisis deeply effect the Aviation Industry. Markus Frank and Florian John (2010). Drop of 6.1%of overall air traffic was recorded in 2009 CHAPTER 3: Methodology Methodology The topic of my research is Impact Assessment Of Global Financial Crisis On Aviation Industry. The methodology will tell us as to what models to apply and on the basis of that results will be formulated and interpreted and the most affecting variable will be verified. Research Type: The type of research which I will be conducting is quantitative in nature. As the data of my research is mainly secondary and mostly its in numbers so qualitative does not suite my research topic. As there are lots of numeric data involved in my research so I have to run different statistical models which are only possible in quantitative type of research. Data Type and Research Period: Data used in my research will be secondary in nature. The data could in form of time series data gathered from various databases. The reference period of data used in my research is of five years ranging from 2005 to 2009. Sources of Data: Data for my research will be most likely taken from several databases and related websites. The major sources of data collection are the reports, working papers and actual facts of Air Carrier Traffic Statistics, IATA, WDI, ILO, JSTOR etc. data of oil prices will be taken from OPEC web site. Data on tourism will be taken from WDI and data on GDP will also be taken from WDI and different economic surveys. Data on unemployment, less travel demand and couriers will also be gathered. Theoretical Framework Operational Definitions: Aviation: means science and technology of flight through air i.e. airlines 9/11: attack on the world trade centre. GFC: Global Financial Crisis. SARS: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. GDP: Gross Domestic Product. Financial Markets: is a mechanism that allows people to buy and sell (trade) financial securities (stocks and bonds), commodities (precious metals) and other fungible items of value at low transaction cost. Asian financial crisis: The Asian Financial Crisis was a period of financial crisis that gripped much of Asia beginning in July 1997, and raised fears of a worldwide economic meltdown due to financial contagion. RPK: Revenue Passenger kilometer (RPK) is a measure of a passenger traffic for an airline flight, bus, or train calculated by multiplying the total number of revenue-paying passengers aboard the vehicle by the distance traveled measured in miles Techniques: The technique to be carried out for research will be Regression analysis. Regression analysis is a statistical technique which is used to determine the relationships between variables. It involves modeling and analyzing variables relationships between one dependent variable and several independent variables. Data Analysis: The statistical softwares to be employed for research purpose are Minitab, Statgraphics and EViews. Regression for each variable will be run. The research will also use graphs and tables for illustration. RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS H0: Global Financial Crisis has not cause significant impacts on Aviation Industry. HA: Global Financial Crisis cause significant impacts on Aviation Industry. H0: Crude Oil Prices has not significant effect on Aviation Industry. HA: Crude Oil Prices have significant effect on Aviation Industry. H0: GDP growth has not significant effect on Aviation Industry. HA: GDP growth has any significant effect on Aviation Industry. H0: Inflation rate has not significant effect on Aviation Industry. HA: Inflation rate have any significant effect on Aviation Industry. H0: Unemployment rate has not significant effect on Aviation Industry. HA: Unemployment rate have any significant effect on Aviation Industry. CHAPTER 4: Results and Analysis Results and Analysis RESULTS Multiple Regression Analysis Dependent variable: Registered Carrier Departures Standard T Parameter Estimate Error Statistic P-Value CONSTANT 1.17957E7 1.17689E6 10.0227 0.0000 Crude Oil Prices 36212.5 6652.45 5.44348 0.0001 GDP Growth % -50451.8 93127.7 -0.541749 0.5959 Inflation annual % -541064.0 104745.0 -5.16555 0.0001 Unemployment % -547932.0 133271.0 -4.11141 0.0009 - Analysis of Variance Source Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F-Ratio P-Value Model 2.10578E13 4 5.26444E12 22.98 0.000 Residual 3.4357E12 15 2.29047E11 Total (Corr.) 2.44935E13 19 R-squared = 85.973 percent R-squared (adjusted for d.f.) = 82.2325 percent Standard Error of Est. = 478588.0 Mean absolute error = 323221.0 Durbin-Watson statistic = 1.67531 The StatAdvisor The output shows the results of fitting a multiple linear regression model to describe the relationship between Registered Carrier Departures and 4 independent variables. The equation of the fitted model is Registered Carrier Departures = 1.17957E7 50451.8*GDP Growth % -541064.0*Inflation 36212.5*Oil Prices 547932.0*Unemployment % Since the P-value in the ANOVA table is less than 0.01, there is a statistically significant relationship between the variables at the 99% confidence level. The R-Squared statistic indicates that the model as fitted explains 85.973% of the variability in Registered Carrier Departures. The adjusted R-squared statistic, which is more suitable for comparing models with different numbers of independent variables, is 82.2325%. The standard error of the estimate shows the standard deviation of the residuals to be 478588.0. This value can be used to construct prediction limits for new observations by selecting the Reports option from the text menu. The mean absolute error (MAE) of 323221.0 is the average value of the residuals. The Durbin-Watson (DW) statistic tests the residuals to determine if there is any significant correlation based on the order in which they occur in your data file. Since the DW value is greater than 1.4, there is probably not any serious autocorrelation in the residuals. In determining whether the model can be simplified, notice that the highest P-value on the independent variables is 0.5959, belonging to unemployment. Since the P-value is greater or equal to 0.10, that term is not statistically significant at the 90% or higher confidence level. Consequently, you should consider removing GDP Growth % from the model. Regression Analysis Crude Oil Prices: H0: ÃŽÂ ² à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 0 HA: ÃŽÂ ² à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ 0 ÃŽÂ ± =0.01, Çâ‚ ¬test statÇâ‚ ¬ > tc tc = 2.539 t-stat=5.4438 >2.539 Sign of t-stat is not the same as expected. We do not reject Ho as the coefficient of the crude oil prices is not coming out to be significant at 1% level of significance. GDP Growth %: H0: ÃŽÂ ² à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ 0 HA: ÃŽÂ ² à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 0 ÃŽÂ ± =0.01 tc = 2.539 Çâ‚ ¬test statÇâ‚ ¬ Çâ‚ ¬o.541749Çâ‚ ¬ Sign of GDP Growth % is not the same as expected. We do not reject H0, as the GDP Growth is not coming out to be significant at 1% level of significance. Inflation % H0: ÃŽÂ ² à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 0 HA: ÃŽÂ ² à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ 0 ÃŽÂ ± =0.01 tc = 2.539 Çâ‚ ¬test statÇâ‚ ¬ > tc Çâ‚ ¬-5.16555Çâ‚ ¬ > 2.539 Sign of tstat is the same as the expected sign of HA We reject H0, as annual inflation is coming out to be significant at 1 % level of signifance. Unemployment H0: ÃŽÂ ² à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 0 HA: ÃŽÂ ² à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ 0 ÃŽÂ ± =0.01 tc = 2.539 Çâ‚ ¬test statÇâ‚ ¬ > tc Çâ‚ ¬-4.11141Çâ‚ ¬ > 2.539 Sign of tstat is the same as the expected sign of HA We reject H0 as unemployment rate % is coming out to be significant at 1 % level. Interpretation of the Variables: The no of registered carrier departure will be equal to 11795000, if all other independent variables are equal to zero. The Coefficient of the crude oil prices is coming to be positive, which is not true. This could be because of some unobserved factors that are causing positive biasness in crude oil prices variable. Crude Oil If crude oil prices will increase by $1 then the number registered carrier departures will increase by 36212.5, keeping all other variables constant. GDP growth % If GDP growth will go up by 1%, the no. of registered carrier departure will decrease by 504.518 departures, keeping all other variables constant. Inflation % If the inflation in the US economy will increase by 1%, then the number of registered carrier departures will decrease by 5410.64 number of flights, keeping all other variables constant. Unemployment rate % If the unemployment rate in the us economy will increase by 1 % the registered carrier will decrease by 5479.32 number of flights, keeping all other variables constant. R square The simpler commonly used measure of fit is the coefficient of determination, R2. The coefficient of determination is explained sum of squares to the total sum of squares. R2= The higher the R2, the closer the closer the estimated regression equation fits the sample data. Measures of this type are called goodness of fit measures. The goodness of fit explains the variation of Y around Ã…Â ¶. R-squared = 85.973 percent R-squared (adjusted for d.f.) = 82.2325 percent The R-squares of this regression is 85.973 percent which is really good. Conclusion The global financial crisis was triggered in 2007 8 mainly in developed countries like United States of America. After that the crisis entered in the European countries and after a few days the crisis just take the whole of the world under its impact. Almost all of the countries in the world got affected by this financial crisis directly or indirectly. This financial crisis was born due to the failure of the major financial institution of these developed countries. These financial institutions include banks like Lehman Brothers, Bear Steams and etc. These main financial institutions of the United States are the main reason behind the financial crisis. Te global financial crisis caused impacts on almost each and every industry of the world. The key businesses which were showing good positions and were experiencing good growth experienced negative growth because of the financial crisis. Also the consumer wealth faces the billions of dollars loss due to the financial crisis. That is wh y this global Financial Crisis is thought to be the worst financial crisis after the great Depression of twentieth century. As aviation is one of the most important pillars of the global economy of the world. And also this sector provides millions of jobs globally and contributed heavily in the global GDP. This sector is also the most important and the most efficient mode of transportation. It provides the transportation services all over the world. So as the global financial crisis which was born due to the failure of the major financial institutions caused the drastic impacts on the world economy. And as the aviation is the important part it also got affected heavily by the crisis. Due to which this aviation sector which is one the fastest growing industry has to face negative growth rate. . Also the aviation sector has to face huge losses. Some aviation companies was able to bare such huge losses but there is a big number of those aviation companies who do have capacity to bare such huge losses so they go bankrupt after the global financial crisis. Ethical Issue: Refusal of Treatment Ethical Issue: Refusal of Treatment Introduction The broad scope of nursing practice demands familiarity with the all of the ethical, professional and legal issues relating to clinical practice. The Nursing and Midwifery Council standards of conduct, performance and ethics require that nurses provide high standards of practice and have a duty of care to all patients (NMC 2007). This paper discusses the case of Alastair and explores the ethical, professional and legal issues which are of relevance to clinical nursing practice in this particular case. Ethical, professional and legal issues Autonomy is defined as the right to determine what happens to one’s own body. As stated by Mill (1982): â€Å"the only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilised community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others. His own good, either physical or moral, is not a sufficient warrant. He cannot rightfully be compelled to do or forbear because it will be better for him to do so, because it will make him happier, because, in the opinion of others to do so would be wise, or even right†. Every individual has a right to self-determination and patient autonomy forms part of that right and is protected by law (Hyland 2002). The principle of respect for autonomy forms a key component of nursing ethics (van Thiel and van Delden 2001). The nurse has an obligation to promote autonomy in the patient and work to empower the patient to make autonomous decisions where possible (Hewitt 2002). The Human Rights Act (1988) enables individuals to take action against a health authority that has failed to uphold their right to respect (OPSI 1998). Proot et al. (2002) described a study conducted in 27 health care providers from three different nursing homes, who were interviewed about autonomy issues relating to stroke patients in rehabilitation and nurses’ perceptions of patient autonomy. Study findings showed that self determination, independence and self care were all associated with the process of patients regaining their autonomy. In Alastair’s case, he was no longer independent and able to care for himself following his stroke, and had to rely on others for help with everyday activities. The nurse must therefore decide whether Alastair is capable of making a fully autonomous decision. If they believe this is not the case, they may be able to work with other members of the multidisciplinary care team to increase Alistair’s autonomy and empower him to make the best choices regarding his care. Advocacy forms an integral part of a nurse’s role and is a mandatory activity within the ethical code of all professional nurses. Advocacy involves a professional responsibility to support the patient’s needs and wishes through active involvement in a process of analysis, counselling, responding, shielding and whistle blowing (Hyland 2002; Vaartio et al. 2006). There is a therefore a relationship between nurse advocacy and patient autonomy (Hyland 2002). If nurses are to demonstrate paternalism and/or empower patients to make decisions regarding their care, they themselves must be empowered, particularly as nurses have increasingly greater accountability for their actions (Hewitt 2002; Christensen and Hewitt-Taylor 2006). The United Kingdom Central Council for Nursing Midwifery and Health Visiting states that â€Å"If the nurse does not feel that sufficient information has been given in terms readily understandable to the patient so as to enable him to make a truly informed decision, it is for her to state this opinion and seek to have the situation remedied † (UKCC 1989). It is also suggested that advocacy may place the nurse in situations of conflict, since there may be differences between nurse’s and doctor’s perceptions of autonomy at times (Mallik 2007). Supporting Alastair’s wishes and his decisions regarding his care requires the nurse to possess knowledge of his condition and the likely consequence s of discontinuing treatment. Through this empowerment, the nurse is ideally placed to educate and support Alistair in their role as advocate. Beneficence (doing good) is central to nursing philosophy, but achieving a balance between this and non-maleficence (avoiding harm) can present a challenge for nurses and the two principles may be viewed as separate ends of one continuum (Bartter 2001). In Alistair’s case, the nurse must consider the benefits and risks associated with treatment and with discontinuing treatment, and explain these to Alistair, thereby allowing him to make informed decisions. In situations where the patient is unable to make an autonomous decision, the nurse has a duty of beneficence to act in the patient’s best interests, while also respecting the patient as an individual. This would apply if Alistair was deemed not to be of sound mind and decisions regarding his treatment had to made by his care team. Veracity, or truth telling, is closely associated with informed decision making and is an important component of a trusting nurse-patient relationship. Veracity may present a dilemma for the nurse since there are times when telling the truth may cause harm to an individual (non-maleficence). Conversely there may be situations where telling a lie may actually do good (beneficence), although this goes against the principle of veracity (Ellis and Hartley 2003). The nurse has a duty to tell Alistair the truth about his condition and treatment to ensure that he is fully informed when making decisions regarding whether or not to continue with treatment/rehabilitation. Justice as fairness in nursing refers to the need for nurses to treat people equally, although this does not necessarily mean treating them in the same way (Staunton and Chiarella 2005). Nurses must acknowledge cultural, social and educational diversity and adopt appropriate strategies to achieve equal treatment for all patients. Clinical governance demands the provision of high-quality, patient-centred care and Alistair’s individual situation and specific health needs must be taken into account by the nurse during his care. All nurses, including those practicing within the community, have a duty to maintain confidentiality, although it should be acknowledged that there may be certain situations where confidentiality may be breached (Dimond 2000). Confidentiality is regarded as a critical component of good nursing care and reflects the professional responsibility of the nurse to respect a patient’s rights. The Data Protection Act 1998 also governs the protection of patients’ information (OPSI 1998). The nurse should therefore maintain Alistair’s confidentiality unless there is good reason not to do so. Consent to treatment is central to the nurse-patient relationship and it is the patient’s decision alone as to whether they accept or reject treatment. As nurses broaden their scope of practice, issues surrounding patient consent to treatment are becoming increasingly important (Anon 1997). It is a principle of UK law that a competent adult who has passes the Re C test may refuse treatment even if his life depends on it (Dimond 2004). The Court of Appeal has stated that provided the patient has the necessary mental capacity (assessed in relation to the decision that has to me made), they can refuse to give consent with or without a reason for doing so. In UK law, the court protects the right of the individual in this regard. This was illustrated in a case where the court ruled that â€Å"It is established that the principle of self-determination requires that respect must be given to the wishes of the patient, so that, if an adult patient of sound mind refuses, however unreasonably, to consent to treatment or care by which his life would or might be prolonged, the doctors responsible for his care must give effect to his wishes, eventhough they do not consider it to be in his best interests to do so† (Airedale NHS Trust v Bland [1993] AC 789). More recently was a case in which a woman paralysed from the neck down refused treatment in order to end her life. The woman was assessed to be of sound mind. The Court of Appeal ruling allowed a ventilator keeping the woman alive to be switched off, re-enforcing the duty of the healthcare professional to respect the wishes of a competed patient (Re B v NHS Trust [2002]). [Client: this case is similar to that of Alistair in that the patient was of sound mind and refused treatment. I was unable to find any cases relating to refusal of medical treatment in older adults of sound mind following stroke] In the case of Alistair, he initially was receiving medical treatment but took a subsequent decision to refuse further treatment. An assessment should be made to determine whether Alistair is of sound mind and is capable of making informed decisions regarding his care. If he is indeed competent, the nurse should work to promote Alistair’s autonomy through education and other methods, taking into account the ethical principles of beneficence and non-maleficence, veracity and justice, to ensure that he possesses adequate knowledge to make the best decisions on his care. At present, Alistair’s health is reasonably good; however, his decision not to continue with treatment and rehabilitation is likely to have a negative impact on his health and well-being in the longer term. Both of the case laws described above are applicable to the case of Alistair, since, should this case reach the Court of Appeal and he is assessed as competent, the judge is likely to rule that Alistair ’s wishes must be respected and his can continue to refuse treatment (based on the patient information provided in the scenario alone). Conclusions This paper has discussed the ethical, professional and legal issues relating to a specific patient case. It can be seen that these issues are inextricably linked and should all be taken into account in the provision of high-quality, patient-centred nursing care. In this case, self-determination, respecting the patient’s right to autonomy, and nurse advocacy are of particular importance, given that the patient is competent and capable of making informed decisions regarding his care. Other ethical principles including beneficence, non-maleficence, veracity and justice also play a key role in nurses’ ethical decision-making. References Anon 1997, ‘The legal and ethical implication of consent to nursing procedure’, British Journal of Nursing, vol. 6., no. 15, pp. 885–8. Airedale NHS Trust v Bland [1993] AC 789. Retrieved 30th November 2008 from:  http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/1992/5.html Bartter, K. 2001, Ethical issues in advanced nursing practice, Butterworth – Heinemann, Oxford. Christensen, M. Hewitt-Taylor, J. 2006, ‘Empowerment in nursing: paternalism or maternalism?’, British Journal of Nursing, vol. 15, no. 13, pp. 695–9. 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Vaartio, H., Leino-Kilpi, H., Salantera, S., Suominen, T. 2006, ‘Nursing advocacy: how is it defined by patients and nurses, what does it involve and how is it experienced?’, Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 181–92. van Thiel, G. J. van Delden, J. J. 2001, ‘The principle of respect for autonomy in the case of nursing home residents’, Nursing Ethics, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 419–31. UKCC 1989, Exercising accountability – a framework to assist nurses, midwives and health visitors to consider ethical aspects of professional practice. Retrieved 30th November from:  http://www.bristol-inquiry.org.uk/final_report/annex_a/chapter_17_7.htm#1029984